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京剧嗓音的声学分析及音域特征

发布时间：2011-03-10编辑：DanceSmile阅读（）

从声学角度客观地检测京剧的嗓音特征，为京剧演唱者嗓音的训练和保护提供参考。方法　对73名16～57岁不同行当的专业京剧演员或学员，利用Dr. Speech计算机频谱分析系统对元音/a/、/i/歌唱舒适音和唱段进行声学参数的检测和分析。结果　各行当元音/a/、/i/歌唱舒适音的基频（fundamental frequency, F0）分别是：丑角(272.6±42.0) Hz( ±s,下同)、(304.2±22.1) Hz; 小生(499.3±34.0) Hz，(485.4±18.7) Hz; 老生(335.6±60.0) Hz，(317.9±45.1) Hz; 花脸(319.0±61.3) Hz，(340.1±68.8) Hz;老旦(427.6±47.2) Hz，(437.7±45.8) Hz; 花旦(535.8±48.8) Hz，(561.6±29.2) Hz; 青衣(548.0±69.5) Hz，(543.5±79.3) Hz；其它声学参数：频率微扰（pitch period perturbation, 或Jitter)、振幅微扰（amplitude perturbation,或 Shimmer）和声门噪声能量（也称标准化噪声能量级，normalized noise energy, NNE）均在软件提供的正常值范围内；京剧演员歌唱音域的跨度为1.7～2.8个八度，最低音和多数最高音均比西洋唱法的高音声部相应的值高。结论　京剧嗓音有着独特的声学特征；结果对其嗓音的训练和保护有一定的临床参考意义。

Acoustic analysis and characteristics of vocal range in Beijing Opera actors

QU Chunyan

　　(Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100050, China)

　　LIU Yongxiang

　　(Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100050, China)

　　Abstract：Objective　To get the objective acoustic parameters of the voice of Beijing Opera actors and set a foundation for the training and protection of the special professional voice.Methods　Seventy-three (age 16～57years) professional actors and students were asked to produce sustained comfortable vowels /a/ and /i/, and to sing two pieces of songs which were in the category of Xipi and Erhuang respectively. Dr. Speech for windows version 3.0 was used to get the acoustic parameters of the vowels and the songs.Results　F0 of the vowels /a/ and /i/ of different Hangdangs were Chou (272.6±42.0) Hz( ±s), (304.2±22.1) Hz; Xiaosheng (499.3±34.0) Hz, (485.4±18.7) Hz; Laosheng (335.6±60.0) Hz, (317.9±45.1) Hz; Hualian (319.0±61.3) Hz, (340.1±68.8) Hz; Laodan (427.6±47.2) Hz, (437.7±45.8) Hz; Huadan (535.8±48.8) Hz, (561.6±29.2) Hz; Qingyi (548.0±69.5) Hz, (543.5±79.3) Hz; these and other acoustic parameters of vowels such as Jitter, Shimmer and NNE were all within the normal range given by the software. The vocal range of Beijing Opera actors was from 1.7 to 2.8 oct, and most of the highest and the lowest pitches were higher than that of tenor or soprano.Conclusions　These findings may help to provide insight regarding the acoustic characteristics of the voice of Beijing Opera actors.

　　Key words：Voice quality；Speech acoustics；Reference values；Professional voice；Vocal range▲

　　京剧艺术具有200多年的历史，是我国的国粹之一和中国戏曲的代表性剧种。京剧的分行不同于西洋唱法的声部划分，主要不是从音域上区分，而是按剧中人物的性别、年龄、身份、地位、性格以及音色和唱法分成不同的角色行当。京剧的发声方法和嗓音特征与西洋唱法也有明显不同。我们对京剧特有的艺术嗓音进行了声学参数的检测和分析。

　　材料与方法

　　一、研究对象

　　入选条件：①接受京剧的专业训练，从事专业的京剧表演，唱龄3年以上，近3个月参加过正式的演出；②近1个月内无嗓音异常，无声带和甲状腺手术史，无全身其它严重疾病史；③青年演员为变声后，排除变声期学员；中年演员无明显“塌中”现象，即中年 “坏嗓”；④经频闪喉镜检查，无明显声带病变（如声带小结、声带息肉和声带粘膜下出血）。

　　来源及构成：北京戏曲学校的高年级学员20名、北京京剧院的中青年演员35名和中国戏曲学院学员18名。共73名，男42名，女31名；年龄16～57岁，平均29.4岁；唱龄3～48年，平均18.7年。根据性别和年龄，各行当的人数分布见表1。